Propagation and augmentative releases of predators and parasitoids for control of arthropod pests

Abstract

Decreasing availability and adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, particularly man and endangered species, are resulting in reduced use of conventional pesticides as therapeutic measures to suppress pest populations. Thus, alternative pest control techniques, including biological control, are receiving increased attention. Naturally occurring populations of beneficials are often too low to maintain pest populations at acceptable levels. Augmentation is one biological control technique that is particularly useful in disrupted environments. There are two basic approaches to augmentation, periodic releases of natural enemies or environmental manipulation to increase their numbers or beneficial effects. This discussion will focus on the technical and economic feasibility of augmenting selected natural enemies. Impediments to augmentation, including mass production of natural enemies at a sufficiently low cost, will also be discussed.