Fluorine accumulation and its phytotoxic effects in blue coleus and lemongrass leaves used for tea

Abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate the fluoride accumulation in leaves of blue coleus (Plectranthus neochilus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), the percentage of fluoride released through infusion and to characterize visually and through microscopy the injuries caused by the pollutant. Saplings of the species were subjected to a simulated fog with potassium fluoride. Fluoride accumulation in dry matter was measured by a specific electrode in washed and unwashed leaves, subjected and not subjected to infusion. The percentage of available fluorine in teas was higher for lemongrass leaves, even though this species shows a lower fluorine accumulation than blue coleus. No visible symptoms were observed in leaves of either species, although changes in turgidity of the epidermal cells, cuticle rupture and trichome and stomata deformation were observed through scanning electron microscopy. The high contents of fluoride in leaves of C. citratus and P. neochilus and the absence of visual toxicity symptoms reveal that these species are tolerant to the pollutant. Washing the leaves in water is inefficient to remove fluoride. Differences in accumulation and release of fluorine are related to the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the species studied.