Synthetic biology and climate change: innovations for a sustainable future

Abstract

Synthetic biology is emerging as a powerful field to address global climate challenges. By enabling the rational design of biological systems with programmable and sustainable functions, it offers innovative strategies for both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Recent advances have shown its potential in sectors such as agriculture, bioenergy, and the development of sustainable biomaterials. However, integrating synthetic biology into practical climate solutions remains an ongoing challenge. The objective of this review was to examine the current state of the field, identify the most promising applications for climate action, and evaluate opportunities and barriers for translating research into solutions that are scalable and applicable in the real-world. Promising applications are discussed, such as synthetic carbon fixation cycles, bioengineered microorganisms for biofuel production, microbiome engineering to enhance soil carbon sequestration, and biosensors for precision agriculture, illustrating how synthetic biology can contribute to low-carbon, and climate-resilient strategies. The work draws on a comprehensive review of recent scientific literature, international policy frameworks, and regional studies from Latin America and, mainly, Brazil. Aligned with the objectives of COP30, it emphasizes science-based strategies that integrate synthetic biology into national climate commitments, support biodiversity, and foster inclusive innovation. The review presents synthetic biology not only as a technical advancement, but as a strategic pathway for sustainable development and global cooperation.